'What will happen to our lands?': Iraq bans farming summer crops amid water shortage

Iraq has banned its farmers from planting summer crops this year as the country grapples with a crippling water shortage that shows few signs of abating.

Citing high temperatures and insufficient rains, Dhafer Abdalla, an adviser to Iraq's Ministry of Water Resources, told The Associated Press that the country has only enough water to irrigate half its farmland this summer.

But farmers fault the government for failing to modernize how it manages water and irrigation, and they blame neighbouring Turkey for stopping up the Tigris and Euphrates rivers behind dams it wants to keep building.

I feel as though my very existence has been shaken.- Akeel Kamil, farmer

Water levels across these two vital rivers — which together give Iraq its ancient name, Mesopotamia, the land between the rivers — fell by over 60 per cent in two decades, according to a 2012 report by the UN's Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO).

The orders against sowing rice, corn, and other crops this summer came as a shock to the towns and villages in the once fertile plains south of Baghdad, where the local economy depends on farming. Nationwide, one in five Iraqis works in agriculture.

In Iraq's rice belt, the farmland is cracked and dry.

"I feel as though my very existence has been shaken," said farmer Akeel Kamil as he surveyed his barren fields near the town of Mishkhab.

His 10 hectares last year produced 136 tonnes of Anbar rice, a strain particular to Iraq that is prized for its gentle, floral aroma. This year, the pumps that would be flooding his fields with water are silent, and the irrigation canal that runs by his property is nearly empty.

Water management issues

Flood irrigation has been used in the area for millennia, though FAO has warned of massive water wastage. It and other organizations are calling on the Iraqi government to revamp its approach to agriculture and promote more efficient methods including drip and spray irrigation. Iraq's Natural Resources Ministry protests it does not have the budget to do that.

Farmers staged demonstrations against the moratorium. In one instance, they forced the closure of a levee along a branch of the Euphrates River to let the water levels rise for irrigation.

They demand the government secure more water from Turkey, fill the country's reservoirs, and drill into the nation's aquifers.

"When we protested, no one listened to us. Then we closed the levee, and the police came and the politicians started calling us vandals. Is this how a government behaves with its people?" said Mahdi al-Mhasen, a 48-year-old farmhand in Mishkhab.

The rumblings here will be heard in Baghdad. South Iraq is the popular base of the Shiite blocs that have led Iraqi governments since Saddam Hussein was deposed in 2003. The rice belt hugs Najaf, Shiite Islam's holiest city, where theologians and politicians have powerful influence.

Grand Ayatollah Ali al-Sistani, the highest Shiite authority in Iraq, castigated lawmakers, telling the government it must help farmers and modernize irrigation and agriculture.

In response to the pressure, the government said it reversed its ban on rice farming. But Agriculture Ministry spokesman Hameed al-Naief told the AP that only 500 hectares of irrigated land could be allocated to the crop this summer, less than three per cent of the area permitted last year.

Waning water resources

The impact of waning water resources is clear around Mishkhab. Local divers and river patrols say their branch of the Euphrates is far shallower than it was this time last year. Green scum collects under bridges where the water has stagnated and fishing boats are stranded on the river bed.

Earlier this summer, video on social media showed the water levels of the Tigris River so low that Iraqis in Baghdad were crossing it on foot.

About 70 per cent of Iraq's water supplies flow in from upstream countries. Turkey is siphoning off an ever-growing share of the Tigris and Euphrates to feed its growing population in a warming climate. And it is building new dams that will further squeeze water availability in Iraq.

Syria is expected to start drawing more water off the Euphrates once it emerges from the yearslong civil war.

Turkey started filling its giant Ilisu Dam upstream in June, then paused the operation until July after pleas from Baghdad. Iraq's Water Resources Ministry says it has enough water behind the Mosul Dam to guarantee adequate flow for a year, but experts say the Ilisu could take up to three years to fill, depending on rains.

The last moratorium on farming rice came in 2009, but that year farmers were permitted to grow other crops to shore up their income. This year, there is no such reprieve. Though it is OPEC's third largest oil producer, Iraq, unlike Saudi Arabia, does not distribute revenues to the general population.

Farmers in Mishkhab say they have little to fall back on with the loss of the summer season's income. Families that depend on credit to cover their expenses during the growing season are afraid their lenders — shop owners, mechanics, even friends — won't lend to them this year because they know the rice harvest has been cancelled.

"What will happen to our lands?" asked Kamil, the 42-year-old farmer. "Should we leave them? Should we move to the cities?"