How a Silicon Valley trend is impacting an $8B Canadian farm industry
'Interoperability' refers to two devices' ability to work together, and some say it's getting less common
In Frontier, Sask., a town of fewer than 400 people, the Honey Bee Manufacturing plant looms large at 120,000 square feet.
The business, which makes headers and swathers, has grown from a two-man family operation to a manufacturer that employs roughly 200 people and ships agricultural attachments all over the world.
But Honey Bee is now monitoring a new challenge — one more commonly associated with Silicon Valley.
Just as some devices don't work with other companies' charging cables, some farm equipment now comes with tech that prevents farmers from using other brands' attachments — and companies like Honey Bee are concerned the practice is growing.
"It's becoming more and more prevalent every day and every year," said Jamie Pegg, Honey Bee general manager.
Farm equipment has become much more digitized, prompting some companies to use digital locks. They say this protects their copyrighted technology and prevents hacking, said John Schmeiser, president of the North American Equipment Dealers' Association.
But that can become a problem, he said, when digital locks are also used to stop one brand's products from working with another's.
Canadians can't currently bypass those locks without potentially violating the Copyright Act — and that can carry a serious penalty.
But change could be on the horizon.
A bill that was passed in Parliament last year and is working its way through the Senate would alter the Copyright Act, making it legal to circumvent digital locks in the interest of interoperability.
Both grain farmers and consumer advocates are watching it closely. Many see the interoperability issue as an offshoot of the right-to-repair debate, where companies use proprietary technology to stop customers from fixing their stuff on their own.
Though companies say they're for protecting copyright, critics say digital locks are used to stamp out competition — and to keep rivals from developing new products that work with existing ones.
"Can you fix the thing that you own? Can you buy products that interoperate with the thing that you own? These are fundamental freedoms," said Kyle Wiens, a U.S.-based right-to-repair advocate and founder of the iFixit online repair guide.
iPhones and harvesting combines
"Interoperability" essentially means the ability of one product or system to work with another one.
Think of how Google Chrome works on an Apple device, despite being made by different companies.
Apple has also been criticized over the issue. For years, its phones didn't work with the USB-C connector that's become standard for many other devices. That changed following new European Union rules, though the company has said mandating one type of connector "stifles innovation."
Interoperability is "extremely important" in the agriculture sector, according to farmer Chris Allam. Farmers often mix and match different brands and tools for the best price or the most efficiency, but he said these days it's not a given that one brand's software will work with another.
"The farmer, out of frustration, will end up spending more money just buying two things that are the same brand so they work together," said Allam, who grows wheat, barley, canola and other crops on his farm east of Edmonton.
Wiens of iFixit pointed to John Deere's X-9 combine, a grain harvesting machine. That combine, currently listed online for more than $1 million used, features a digital port that prevents it from being used with non-John Deere implements, he said. John Deere did not respond to an interview request.
"They're using [software] in an incredibly anti-competitive way."
But legally, there's nothing stopping it from doing so.
Ag sector a 'prime example'
Farm equipment isn't the only industry where interoperability is a concern — it also comes up in sectors like health care, automotive and gaming.
But "it's a prime example of the scale and the extent to which the problem reaches into domains that ... we traditionally don't think of as computers," said Anthony Rosborough, an assistant law and computer science professor at Dalhousie University, who's written about the issue for the Canada West Foundation think tank.
At stake in Canadian farm implement manufacturing is roughly $2.4 billion in exports and $8 billion in annual revenue, according to the Agricultural Manufacturers of Canada.
The industry has developed by creating specialty products that are tailored to Canadian crops and topography — those products are also of interest to countries with similar conditions, like Australia and Ukraine.
Exports to the U.S. have grown more than 50 per cent between 2011 and 2021.
"These companies have been very innovative, they've been very creative, and they see a lack of interoperability as a little bit of a threat," said Schmeiser, whose association's members sell combines and tractors along with attachments and implements.
New bill aims to work around digital locks
There's hope that new legislation will make it easier for Canadian businesses to deal with digital locks.
A bill from Cypress Hills-Grasslands MP Jeremy Patzer of the Conservative Party creates a new exception under the Copyright Act.
It would allow people to circumvent technological protection measures in order to make one device interoperable with another brand's, given the tech in question is lawfully obtained.
While the bill was written with the agriculture industry in mind, Patzer said promoting interoperability will have implications for "the entire economy."
"Anything that involves a plug-and-play-style device, it would have an impact on that."
Wiens agrees.
He believes the current Copyright Act is hindering all kinds of innovation — whether that's a new header that works with another manufacturer's combine, or a new ice machine that plugs into another company's refrigerator.
"We're just missing those products right now."
Technical 'whack-a-mole' still a risk
There is some concern that a federal bill won't completely solve the problem.
While it should mean Canadian manufacturers no longer face a legal risk for reverse-engineering their products to work with other brands, they would still be stuck spending time and money trying to catch up with other businesses' software updates.
"I don't go to jail, but I still burn $1.5 million of the company's money making this header work with that combine," said Scott Smith, component systems and integration manager for Honey Bee.
"That combine can go through a software update from the [mainline manufacturer] and then that's undone and I start over — so that's a technical whack-a-mole."
Smith would like to see provincial legislation requiring that farm equipment be interoperable in order to be sold in Canada — similar to existing laws that require minimum warranties.
Nevertheless, the company plans to take a moment to celebrate if the bill passes the Senate.
"We will be very, very excited," said Pegg, the company's manager.
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