U.S. inflation remains high, putting pressure on Fed after Silicon Valley Bank failure

U.S. consumer price increases eased slightly from January to February but still pointed to an elevated inflation rate that is posing a challenge for the Federal Reserve at a delicate moment for the financial system.

The government said Tuesday that prices increased 0.4 per cent last month, just below January's 0.5 per cent rise. Yet excluding volatile food and energy costs, so-called core prices rose 0.5 per cent in February, slightly above January's 0.4 per cent gain. The Fed pays particular attention to the core measure as a gauge of underlying inflation pressures.

Even though prices are rising much faster than the Fed wants, some economists expect the central bank to suspend its year-long streak of interest rate hikes when it meets next week.

With the collapse of two large banks since Friday fuelling anxiety about other regional banks, the Fed, for now, may focus more on boosting confidence in the financial system than on its long-term drive to tame inflation.

That is a sharp shift from just a week ago, when Chair Jerome Powell suggested to a Senate committee that if inflation didn't cool, the Fed could raise its benchmark interest rate by a substantial half-point at its March meeting.

When the Fed raises its key rate, it typically leads to higher rates on mortgages, auto loans, credit cards and many business loans.

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When measured against prices a year ago, inflation has been easing for eight months. In February, consumer prices climbed six per cent from 12 months earlier, down from January's 6.4 per cent year-over-year increase and well below a recent peak of 9.1 per cent in June.

Yet it remains far above the Fed's two per cent annual inflation target. Core prices in February rose 5.5 per cent from 12 months ago, down slightly from 5.6 per cent in January.

Inflation pressures remain entrenched in much of the economy. Rents, grocery prices and the cost of hotels, restaurants and airplane flights have all been surging as more Americans seek housing and spend money on travelling, dining out and attending entertainment events.

Jan Hatzius, chief economist at Goldman Sachs, said Goldman now thinks the Fed's policymakers will pause their rate increases next week. Goldman had previously predicted a quarter-point hike. In a note to clients, Hatzius noted that the Fed, for now, appears even more focused on calming the banking sector and the financial markets than on fighting inflation.

"We would be surprised if, just one week after going to great lengths to support financial stability, policymakers risked undermining their efforts by raising interest rates again," Hatzius wrote in a separate note Monday.

If the Fed does pause its rate hikes this month, Hatzius predicted, it will likely resume them when it next meets in May. Ultimately, he still expects the Fed to raise its key rate, which affects many consumer and business loans, to about 5.4 per cent this year, up from the current 4.6 per cent.

Bank failures could have silver lining

The Fed may get some unintentional help in its inflation fight from the aftereffects of the collapse of Silicon Valley Bank and New York-based Signature Bank. In response, many small and medium-size banks may pull back on lending to shore up their finances. A lower pace of lending could help cool the economy and slow inflation.

The possibility of a Fed pause underscores the sharp shift in the country's financial system and economy in barely one week. Last Tuesday, Powell had told the Senate banking committee that if hiring and inflation continued to run hot, the Fed would likely raise rates at this month's meeting by a sizable half-point.

That would have marked a re-acceleration in the Fed's efforts to tighten credit. The central bank had raised its benchmark rate by a quarter-point in February, a half-point in December and by three-quarters of point four times before that.

The next day, testifying to a House committee, Powell cautioned that no final decision had been made about what the Fed would do at the March meeting.

Still, on Friday, the government reported that employers added a robust 311,000 jobs last month. It was a potential sign of continued high inflation, and it led to predictions of a half-point hike at the Fed's meeting next week.

Later that day, though, Silicon Valley Bank failed, thrusting an entirely new set of concerns onto the Fed.