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The AIH Transcript for April 18, 2018

Hosts: Susan Bonner and Jeff Douglas

STORIES FROM THIS EPISODE

Prologue

SUSAN BONNER: Hello, I’m Susan Bonner, sitting in for Carol Off.

JEFF DOUGLAS: Good evening. I'm Jeff Douglas. This is “As It Happens”.

[Music: Theme]

JD: Tonight:

SB: Powerless against powerlessness. Once again, the power grid has failed in Puerto Rico — and while the island still deals with the effects of Hurricane Maria, our guest fears the arrival of the rainy season.

JD: An "enforcer" to be reckoned with. Her former president husband jokingly called her "The Enforcer" — and tonight, one of the founders of a hospice for babies with HIV remembers the late Barbara Bush as a force of compassion and change.

SB: Grace under cabin pressure. When chaos erupted on a Southwest Airlines plane yesterday, the cockpit was calm and focused — and we'll hear about the pilot who kept it that way: Captain Tammie Jo Shults.

JD: Munch appreciated. While researching an enzyme that eats plastic, scientists inadvertently make it even more effective — and now, when it comes to consuming packaging, it's the total package.

SB: Hiding in airplane sight. First he took off with the virtual currency, and then he took off — and now, Icelanders are wondering how a suspected Bitcoin thief escaped from prison and joined the country's prime minister on a flight to Sweden.

JD: And...high rollers. After a surprise invasion, parts of Victorville, California are under siege, and underneath — and the question is: how did so many of these tumbleweeds get there, and bury so much of the town?

JD: “As It Happens”, the Wednesday edition. Radio that knows: the answer, my friend, is blown in by the wind — the answer is blown in by the wind.

[Music: Theme]

Part one: Puerto Rico power outage, Southwest emergency landing: pilot friend, California tumbleweed

Puerto Rico power outages

Guest: Miriam Gonzalez

JD: Power is out all across Puerto Rico — again. It's been seven months since Hurricane Maria wreaked havoc on the island. And still, the power grid remains extremely unstable. The local power authority says it could take twenty-four to thirty-six hours before it's fully up and running again. Restaurant owner Miriam Gonzalez was without power for one-hundred-and-two days after Maria. And she's without it now. We reached Ms. Gonzalez in Guaynabo, Puerto Rico.

SB: Ms. Gonzalez, I'm sorry to hear that you've lost your power again. When it went out earlier today, what did you think?

MIRIAM GONZALEZ: Well, in a way last week it happened also. It was gone for six hours; everybody just goes “aw” the whole city you can hear saying that. But now it was on the news that it’s going to take 24 to 30 hours. So a lot of small businesses are closing their business already. Nothing else we could do but keep on praying, and hopefully, this will be over soon.

SB: So what do you have to start thinking about when you are told when you realize that it's going to be out for an extended period of time?

MG: The first thing I think about is I do have a restaurant, how am I going to maintain the food fresh not to lose all my inventory again. And after that, I send my employees home and you know we're getting used to this. It's just like nothing else we could do.

SB: So you're cooking up all your food?

MG: Yes, ma'am.

SB: Can you describe for us what you feel when the power goes out again?

MG: I feel miserable. I think that would be the only word I could use is just like you feel miserable. You feel you can't do anything. You are incapable of doing anything, but there's nothing you could do unless I get twenty thousand dollars and I could buy a generator. There's nothing else I could do.

SB: The last time we spoke to you, you couldn't afford a generator. Do you have one now?

MG: Well, I've got a smaller one, but now it broke down. So we weren't able to use it today.

SB: What have you heard from authorities about why this happened now?

MG: A pole fell. A pole fell, and it broke a cable, and it broke another cable, and it was a domino.

SB: And this is affecting the entire island of Puerto Rico?

MG: Today was the whole island because it’s the the two main plants. Both main plants are messed up today. I'm guarding and trying to keep my head off of all the craziness that's going on right now because everybody goes crazy to the supermarket. Everybody goes insane. When something happens, everybody thinks it's a hurricane coming — that the end of the world is coming again. Everybody's really scared and freaked out because they say 20-30 hours what if power doesn’t come back? There’s people who have baby. There's people that need oxygen. There's a lot of different situations.

SB: And after everything you've been through, it must be exhausting to have to go through again.

MG: It is! That’s what I tell you. You know a lot of my friends says Miriam, this doesn't sound like you. But it just comes to a point where you just feel miserable. You feel like there's nothing you could do. You feel that your hands are tied, and you just can't do anything. Schools are closed. Everybody has to get out of their job, go pick up their kids at school. A lot of the businesses are closed right now. They're sending everybody home. The government sent everybody home. So the traffic right now is like really mad crazy.

SB: And what kind of an impact does that have on the entire population’s outlook? How does it affect the psyche of Puerto Ricans?

MG: Well, right now, the suicide level went up like 20 per cent. There’s a lot of old people still living in shelters, and they're not really happy. There are a lot of people right now the mental illnesses are going like way up. But the most scary thing is really all the suicides. We had like a suicide hotline, and from before Maria calls were like 1,000 a month, and now it’s up to 5,000-6,000 — that's on the news. You can even see it because people are not happy; we don't see anything happening. Every time something is it's already you know like you think the light is here. Then the next day it goes away. My mom just got her lights back three weeks ago. She lives in the city.

SB: And hurricane season is coming again.

MG: It’s around the corner. Exactly, and the government hasn't done anything yet at all. So a lot of people just question do I leave the island? Do I go somewhere else?

SB: And that's the kind of thinking that's going on across the island. What are people thinking about hurricane?

MG: Everybody; it doesn’t it matter how old you are, what gender you are — everybody.

SB: Would you consider leaving?

MG: Not yet. I want to try it at least six more months. I can't continue this because really it’s affecting my health. I'm a very healthy person, and it's affecting me. The other day had chest pains. I have to think about myself and my kids before anything.

SB: It's a heck of a way to live as a member of the United States.

MG: Yeah, we are part of the United States. We are a beautiful Caribbean island that the U.S. makes a lot of money out of it. But when it's time to give back, I guess they forgot about us. I think our president, he just came here and laughed in our face.

SB: What would you like to see the president do for Puerto Rico to help you with this power situation — with this unstable power system?

MG: Well, the first thing the president did was he hired a company that belonged to his friend. And they didn’t even have trucks enough to come clean it. The best thing was to really hire professionals because there is a lot of professionals in Puerto Rico that do know how to handle the situation, but also bring the equipment we need from the United States, and supervisors from the states, and just get it done. Just get it done. Stop talking about what are we going to do? What do you want to get done? Just get it done, you know? You walk or you drive around, and you don't see trucks on the street fixing anything. And then the rich they pay private companies to clean the trash around their house. They pay private companies for everything. They have awesome generators, so they keep getting richer. And they sell things at the price that they want the milk, water, ice, everything went up the roof. Nothing was protected by the government saying oh no, it still has to stay at the same price. All the prices went up. It was ridiculous what we were paying for gas. But we have hope. You know the only good thing about Puerto Ricans is we have a lot of faith, and that keeps us going. That keeps us going a lot. There's a lot of faith in Puerto Rico. That is true.

SB: Well, I wish you good luck. And thank you for talking to us. I hope your power comes back soon.

MG: And don’t forget to pray for us. Thank you. SB: Thank you. Goodbye.

MG: Bye bye.

JD: We reached Miriam Gonzalez in Guaynabo, Puerto Rico. Today, again, the power went out across the entire island of Puerto Rico.

[Music: Ambient]

Drug smuggler verdict

JD: Melina Roberge will have 8 years to consider her Instragram profile. That's the length of the sentence the 24-year-old Quebecker was given today by an Australian judge. Ms. Roberge has pled guilty to smuggling 95 kilograms of cocaine into the country — by way of the luggage that accompanied her on a glamorous 7-week cruise. Ms. Roberge told the court that her goal wasn't to become some sort of drug kingpin. It was to win fame, with all the selfies she'd be able to take throughout the cruise. That inspired some choice words from Kate Traill, the presiding judge. Here are a few clips.

SOUNDCLIP

KATE TRAILL: She was seduced by the lifestyle and opportunity to post glamorous Instagram photos from all over the world. It is sad they seek to attain such a vacuous existence, where how many likes they receive is their currency. She wanted to be the envy of others. I doubt she is now.

JD: That was Australian judge Kaitt Traill sentencing Canadian Melina Robert to 8 years in prison earlier today.

[Music: World music]

Southwest emergency landing: pilot friend

Guest: Linda Maloney

JD: Yesterday, passengers on Southwest Flight 1380 thought it was the end. Today, they're crediting Captain Tammie Jo Shults for saving their lives. Last night on the program, we told you about the harrowing flight, during which a jet engine blew off and shattered a plane window. A woman, who was partially sucked out of the plane, died of her injuries. In the cockpit, however, Captain Shults was calm and focused, and that is what you might expect from a former U.S. Navy fighter pilot. And as we're learning today, she was one of the first women in the United States to hold such a title. Linda Maloney is a former U.S. Navy flight officer, and the author of "Military Fly Moms," which features Captain Shults. They're also close friends. We reached Ms. Maloney in Lebanon, New Jersey.

SB: Ms. Maloney, when you found out who the pilot of the Southwest plane was, how did you react?

LINDA MALONEY: When I heard the audio of Tammie Jo so calm and so collected, it didn't surprise me at all. That's just really who she is. She was a great pilot when she was in the military. And obviously, she's doing great things with Southwest also.

SB: You talk about this audio. It's so powerful when she's speaking to dispatch, as she is in the air trying to land the plane. Let's listen to some of that.

SOUNDCLIP

TAMMIE JO SHULTS: We have a part of the aircraft missing, so we’re going to need to slow down a bit. Can you have the medical meet us there on the runway as well? We've got injured passengers.

CONTROL: Are your injured passengers okay? And is your airplane physically on fire?

TJS: No, it’s not on fire, but part of it is missing. They said there is a hole and someone went out.

SB: What did you think when you heard her describe the situation?

LM: It’s definitely a tragic situation with a young woman dying. And I know Tammie Jo is probably very sad about that, but I know she's also glad that she was able to land the plane safely from the other passengers and the air crew also. She received really great training in the military, starting out over 25 years ago. And that just really you know set the foundation for her career in the airlines also. I think her training just kicked in, you know? And she performed just like any other pilot would do you know in a situation like that with an emergency.

SB: How did you become friends? How did you get to know Captain Tammie Jo Shults?

LM: We were in the military together. We flew together. We were sister squadrons, and there's very few women in those positions. And so the women in those positions tend to forge strong relationships together. And I've known her since we were in our 20s, and she's a wonderful person, I love her, she's a really strong Christian — she lives her faith. She is very personable, very humble. She draws people to herself just because you know the person that she is.

SB: In your book, she explains that becoming a pilot really wasn't a career path that was open to a lot of women. There were so many obstacles. Can you tell us about that?

LM: Well, we both were flying in the military when the combat exclusion law was in effect. And basically, women could not fly in combat. And so we had to fly in a support role, and there were very few slots available for those positions. We were really pushing for the combat exclusion laws to be repealed, which it was in 1993. But before that, we were in these support squadrons. We basically would train the fleet in enemy tactics. And that was our role.

SB: The Air Force wasn't interested in taking her on, but I understand that she said she set to work trying to break into the club. How did she accomplish that?

LM: Well, I think a lot of it was just perseverance and not giving up, and not taking no for an answer. And she just kept trying. And thankfully, the Navy accepted her. And the military is wonderful in terms of a level playing field. I mean if you do well in the military you're going to go far. And the training is amazing. The training is incredible that they give you. So I mean you're always preparing for emergencies like this. So I think she was ready for it obviously.

SB: She went on, in fact, to become the first woman to fly the U.S. Navy's FA-18 Hornet fighter jet. What kind of an achievement is that?

LM: The F-18 is one of the Navy's premier aircraft. So it's just an amazing accomplishment for anyone to get through that training and fly the hornet.

SB: And today she's being called a hero by the passengers who were on the plane. And there are reports that she personally went to talk to every passenger after they landed in Philadelphia. Does that sound like Tammie Jo you know?

LM: Absolutely. That’s her, that’s her signature personality, that's just who she is. I mean honestly, I cannot say enough great things about Tammie Jo. She's just a wonderful, warm, caring person. And she really just draws people to herself with her personality, and so when I heard that when I saw that in print, it just did not surprise me because that's who she is.

SB: Well, thank you for taking the time to tell us about her. I appreciate it.

LM: Oh, absolutely. Glad I could help.

SB: Bye bye.

LM: Okay, bye bye.

JD: Linda Maloney is a former U.S. Navy flight officer and a close friend of Captain Tammie Jo Shults, the pilot who landed a harrowing Southwest Airlines flight yesterday. We reached Ms. Maloney in Lebanon, New Jersey.

JD: Bryan Bagwell lives in Victorville, California, northeast of LA. And as a resident of the High Desert community, it’s not uncommon for him to see tumbleweeds rolling on by. It's just part of living out west. But earlier this week, they went from going by to stopping by, and now, some are calling the huge influx of tumbleweeds in his neighbourhood an "invasion." We reached Bryan Bagwell at his home in Victorville.

SB: So Brian Bagwell, how's it looking outside there today?

BRYAN BAGWELL: Well, I just looked out my window, and I seen the wind blowing and tumbleweeds are coming across my street once again back to my house.

SB: The tumbleweeds are back.

BB: Yes.

SB: Tell us about earlier in the week, what were you doing when this so-called “tumbleweed invasion” began.

BB: Monday morning I woke up, was in my office in my downstairs bedroom, and I could hear the wind blowing pretty strong — things you know banging up against the house. So I decided to take a look outside and see what’s going on, looked out my window, and inundated with tumbleweed. And it was probably about three or four feet high at that time and 25 feet deep by ten feet wide.

SB: What? So you're talking about kind of a wall of tumbleweed?

BB: More like a sea of tumbleweeds.

SB: And I understand you had to drive through this to go and pick up your son from school. What was that like?

BB: I had to pick my son from school. School is a mile away, and I had to go get him. And coming back and going there, I was driving, and I caught some tumbleweeds going 25-30 miles an hour as I was driving there. And then when I was coming back, imagine having a group of people lined up on the side of the road and throwing dodgeballs at you as you're driving. You’re having to swerve out of the way of the larger ones, run the little ones over, and it was like a war zone.

SB: Why do you have to dodge them? Are they just not a sort of a collection of weeds? Are they dangerous?

BB: They're not little weeds. It’s kind like imagine a big ball maybe three-four feet tall coming at you. They got a bunch of branches coming out of it, and those little branches have thorns on kind of a rosebush. They just get into everything, and stick to you, and scratch you up.

SB: Can you describe what it looked like in the neighbourhood?

BB: Sure, when you're driving down a street, some of the houses were completely covered in tumbleweed; you couldn't see anything but the roof. And some of the people had to call the city, call 911 because they were inundated with tumbleweeds so bad that they could not get out their front door.

SB: They had to call 911?!

BB: A couple of them did call 911. I thought that was excessive, but some of them freaked out when they opened their door, and there was a wall of tumbleweeds.

SB: So help me understand this. You open your door, and there's tumbleweeds all around it, and you can't just push them away?

BB: No, the tumbleweeds were stacked floor to ceiling. It’s not just like there was just one layer of tumbleweeds. It’s multiple layers of tumbleweed. It's like a mountain of tumbleweeds, and you're buried underneath it.

SB: How often do you see tumbleweed living in Victorville, California? How does what's happening this year compared to previous years?

BB: Well, the last couple years have been bad. Before we didn't have a problem with tumbleweeds because they used to cut down the tumbleweeds down and mow the tumbleweeds down in prior years. But the last three years or so, they haven't done it. So starting in 2016, we had a first invasion of tumbleweeds, and I call an invasion because that's what it was. And there's just hundreds upon hundreds of tumbleweeds that just come across into the yard. And then we got to try and get them out of the yard and get them back into the street and let the city take care of them. We deal with it pretty much every time the wind blows, and we live here in Victorville, and the wind pretty much blows all the time. So it's pretty much ongoing experience. Usually once a week, we're outside putting tumbleweeds across the street.

SB: How's it looking at your house now?

BB: My yard was clean — it was clean an hour ago. I don't know what it's going to be like in the next two hours because of the wind picking back up, but I know my neighbours are on both sides, they're still dealing with trying to get the tumbleweeds out of their yards.

SB: Have you ever been hurt by a tumbleweed?

BB: When the tumbleweeds blow by, and you know you're trying to get rid of them, pick them up, they're very prickly, and they scratch you. You end up with scrapes, puncture wounds. I don't know what's in the tips of them, but there's something that makes you itch like crazy.

SB: So how do you feel about living in Victorville with these tumbleweeds?

BB: Pretty fed up. I’m getting tired of it. I'm going to be looking for other options here pretty soon if they don’t do something.

SB: You'll move?

BB: Yeah, I’ll move.

SB: Is there anything they can do?

BB: They can drag the field. They can spray herbicide to kill the weeds. They can mow the field down. The fire department can come out and light it on fire and practice putting out forest fires. I don't know. Something has got to be done.

SB: You sound pretty frustrated.

BB: Yes.

SB: It's hard for us to imagine you know that this thing we only see and in movies — which is you know kind of a scene setter — of this gentle ball blowing across a prairie. It doesn’t sound like you see the tumbleweed that way.

BB: No, I know what you’re talking about. You’re talking about in westerns and what not, you'll see the tumbleweeds blow by. Yeah, that would be a gentle breeze, and you know be kind of cool to see. But when you have hundreds upon hundreds of tumbleweeds coming at you and the wind is blowing, they're breaking off as they're blowing by, so they're dropping little twigs and pieces, and you're stepping on them. You can't go outside with bare feet. The stuff is blowing in the air, causing your sinuses to get infected. Getting stuck in your eyes. It's not fun.

SB: Well, Mr. Bagwell, I hope it gets better soon. Thanks for telling us about it.

BB: Thank you.

SB: Bye bye.

BB: Bye bye.

JD: Bryan Bagwell was telling us about the tumbleweed in his neighbourhood. We reached him at home in Victorville, California.

[Music: Acoustic guitar]

Queen’s Corgi

SOUNDCLIP

PAUL BURRELL: At breakfast that morning, we had sausages. And I thought if I stuffed two sausages into the pockets of my tailcoat, the corgies will adore me — they’ll love me. So on my trial day with the Queen upstairs — loaded with sausages — I went out into the garden with nine corgis and one Labrador. I got on famously well with them. And so the Queen liked me, and I got the job.

JD: That was Paul Burrell, former footman to Queen Elizabeth, describing how got hired at 18: by appealing to her corgis. Mr. Burrell recognized that the way to the Queen's heart was through her dogs' stomachs. It was a clever move, but he wasn't exactly acting on privileged information. Everyone knows the Queen loves corgis. Not just because of their complex personalities — which the website www.tetwave.com says vary from, quote, "clownish and attention-seeking, to thoughtful and introspective." Unquote. But also, she loves them for sentimental reasons: she’d loved them since childhood, and when she was 18, she was given her own corgi, named Susan. A few years ago, Queen Elizabeth decided to stop breeding corgis. For one thing, her aides were worried they would trip her up. For another, their deaths were devastating to her. None more so than the death, this past Sunday, of Willow — who was, according to Vanity Fair, "a 14th-generation descendant of Susan". Willow was not the last of the Queen's dogs: she still has a corgi she adopted last year, and two "dorgis" a corgi-dachsund mixes. But Willow was the end of Susan's family line — and the end of an era. She stood tall in the life of the royals, and in the British imagination — despite her stumpy legs.

Part two: Barbra Bush obit, Bitcoin heist

Barbra Bush obit

Guest: Joan McCarley

JD: When Barbara Bush was preparing to move into the White House, she joked that, quote, "a lot of fat, white-haired, wrinkled ladies are tickled pink." Unquote. Mrs. Bush was known for her quick wit and her fierce loyalty to her family, which, of course, included multiple generations of politician — and two U.S. presidents. Barbara Bush died yesterday, at the age of 92 years old. In 1990, Mrs. Bush delivered the commencement speech at Wellesley College in Massachusetts. It was a controversial speech: feminist protestors felt it wrong to celebrate a, quote, "woman who has gained recognition through the achievements of her husband." Unquote. But Barbara Bush did eventually take to the stage — and by many accounts, charmed the audience.

SOUNDCLIP

BARBRA BUSH: We are in a transitional period right now. Fascinating and exhilarating times, learning to adjust to changes and the choices we — men and women — are facing. As an example, I remember what a friend said on hearing her husband complain to his buddies that he had to babysit. Quickly setting him straight, my friend told her husband that when it's your own kids, it's not called babysitting. Now maybe we should adjust faster. Maybe we should adjust slower, but whatever the era, whatever the times one thing will never change: fathers and mothers, if you have children, they must come first. You must read to your children, and you must hug your children, and you must love your children. Your success as a family, our success as a society depends not on what happens in the White House, but on what happens inside your house.

JD: That was Barbara Bush, giving the commencement speech at Wellesley College, in 1990. A year prior to that, she made a visit that was a first for a First Lady: to a hospice for infants with HIV and AIDS in Washington D.C. It was called Grandma's House, and it was founded by two sisters, Debbie Tate and Joan McCarley. We reached Joan McCarley in Washington.

SB: Ms. McCarley, what went through your mind when you heard that Barbara Bush had died?

JOAN MCCARLEY: Well, it was a lot of sadness because we had personally met Barbara Bush. And Barbara Bush had such a warm, very down to earth presence. And had the ability to make you feel as though you've known her for a long time, even though she was first lady. The other thing that went through my mind was the exceptional role that we believe that she contributed to making some of the change that occurred as far as the ways that people perceive people living with HIV AIDS.

SB: And that goes back to that visit in 1989 — her visit to Grandma's House. How was that arranged? How did it come about?

JM: Well, we didn't arrange it. We never really knew exactly how it was arranged. The residential care program that we were operating through Grandma's House was the first specific for children who were abandoned, abused and neglected and living with HIV AIDS. Because the AIDS crisis was one that was so critical and moving so rapidly as an epidemic, and many, many people were afraid to touch a child or an adult, afraid of tears, afraid of any type of body fluid, I would imagine that it came to their attention. And the Bush administration — George, Herbert, Bush's administration — was the first time that anyone that we were aware of in a presidential office really reached out to personally and publicly touch someone with HIV AIDS.

SB: Well, describe the visit for us. What happened when she showed up at Grandma's House?

JM: Well, what happened, of course, it was a lot of excitement, and we were overwhelmed because she was the First Lady. We asked if we could have some of the grandparents who were grandparents to some of the children that we have attend. We had also had a group of gay men at that time who were living with AIDS. We had contacted the White House contact to find out if it would be acceptable if the grandparents and if some of the men that we knew who were also dealing with HIV AIDS would be able to come to the House? And the Bush administration approved of that. There was one man who was living with AIDS, and when we had a private room discussion, he says Mrs. Bush, I'm a man who living with AIDS. Would you give me a hug? And she said why not. That was so touching because no one they were resistant to touching the child — more less an adult.

SB: Can I ask you about that? Can I stop you there and just ask you because that that famous photo of her as she cradled and hugged a little baby — a little baby boy named Donovan who was HIV positive. Tell us the story behind that photo?

JM: Well, Donovan was in his bed, too weak and too ill to come downstairs where the other children were playing. And, of course, when we walked in the room to introduce Mrs. Bush to Donovan, Donovan started crying. And Debbie and I went to console and pick Donovan up, and he was still crying. Mrs. Bush said to us girls; you're doing a great job, but give me that baby. I'm a grandmother; he'll stop crying when I hold him. And sure enough, he did. So the way that she was holding him and soothing him so close to her, she did have that grandmotherly touch.

SB: What happened to those babies? The children there at the time of Mrs. Bush's visit?

JM: Well, the child that she held, of course, Jonathan died shortly. There were other children who were in the photograph. Those children are still living. One of them doesn’t live in this area any longer. She was adopted. Another one was adopted, and graduated from college a couple years ago. We attended that graduation. Another one lives in that area. And he stops in to visit with us, and still calls it his home.

SB: You know just to remind people of what was going on at the time. At the time of this visit, there were many Americans — and many of her fellow Republicans — who were not inclined to show any compassion to people with AIDS and HIV, and perhaps, especially men who were more stigmatized — gay men at the time. How did visit it impact that atmosphere?

JM: You know people had attitudes towards anything that was related to HIV. It was a dreaded disease. It was something that was a death sentence. And some people even had the attitude that this was a penalty or a curse that had come upon certain people. The children were children very much who were who were born with the virus because their parents may have been intravenous drug users. So every negative attitude that people had it was there.

SB: But I would think that no publicity campaign in the world would have had the same kind of effect on the stigma surrounding HIV AIDS as that visit from Barbara Bush did?

JM: No, never. No, I really think — and I'm sure Debbie, my sister, if she was speaking to you would agree — it was a hug or demonstrated unconditional love that really woke up not just this nation, but it rang a sense of openness and willingness to learn and to change attitudes that nothing else could do. This was the president's wife — the First Lady — who took a bold step.

SB: Ms. McCarley, thank you for telling us about this.

JM: OK, you're welcome. You have a great day.

SB: It was good to talk to you. Thanks. Bye bye.

JM: OK. Thank you. Bye bye.

Joan McCarley is a co-founder of Grandma’s House in Washington, D.C. One of the first residences in the U.S. that cared for AIDS-infected infants. And if you'd like to see a photograph of Mrs. Bush with baby Donovan, go to our website: www.cbc.ca/aih. We reached John McCarley today in Washington, D.C. And Barbara Bush died yesterday. She was 92 years old.

[Music: Ambient]

Bitcoin heist

Guest: Helgi Gunnlaugsson

JD: It's not exactly "The Great Escape" — considering inmates had easy access to telephones and the Internet, and could leave to do errands during the day. Nevertheless, people in Iceland are wondering how a notorious criminal managed to jump out a prison window and catch a flight to Sweden, without anyone noticing. Sindri Thor Stefansson was in custody for being the alleged mastermind behind a heist in Iceland — in which 600 computers used to mine Bitcoin were stolen. And now, no one seems to know where he is. Professor Helgi Gunnlaugsson studies criminology at the University of Iceland. We reached him in Reykjavik.

SB: Professor Gunnlaugsson, you were at the prison yesterday. Tell us about this escape?

HELGI GUNNLAUGSSON: Well yes, it was a coincidence you know that I was at the prison site, you know? And I just got there like one-and-a-half hours after the prison escape, you know? And actually, it was very quiet, you know? And the prison guard he did not seem to be too much alarmed, you know? Because you see this is an open institute, you know? So the prisoners are not really locked, you know? And there's no fence around the prison, you know? So well, he decided to leave the prison you know, and it's a surprise to everybody.

SB: But why is the security so lax at this prison?

HG: Well, this is actually used for prisoners who've been serving usually a long sentence you know, and this is kind of like a bridge out to the society. And so it's an open Institute, you know? It’s to help them integrate into society in an institute that is not locked you know — you're not locked in your cell, you know? And there’s no fence or anything, you know? So it's an institute where you kind of believe in the person, you know? You trust the person to not to escape, you know? And usually, it works very well, you know?

SB: Usually.

HG: It’s very unusual that there’s a prison escape from this institute, you know? But for this particular case you know this person who escaped you know he was actually in custody, and he had been in custody for two-and-a-half months. And he had not been sentenced. He's not been convicted you know, but he was awaiting to see his charge you know in a few days you know. So probably, he just wanted to flee before facing the charge you know, and the eventual sentence, you know?

SB: What did he do after he escaped from the prison?

HG: Well, what he did was, apparently, he just left to the international airport and got on a plane to Sweden, you know? And the curious news item about this was that on the same plane we had the prime minister of Iceland, you know?

SB: That's an incredible detail. What's been the reaction to that bit of news?

HG: Everybody is really kind of surprised by the whole thing because this is so unusual for us. Well, first of all, a prison escape is unusual you know. And then second you know that a prison escape that actually got out of the country you know. Because that is almost unheard of, you know? Because usually when we have a prison escape you know you'll be caught in a matter of few days you know, you’re just getting drunk with your friends in or in a local bar downtown or anything you know or something like that. And you're being brought back to prison you know. But this case is very different, you know?

SB: Tell us about Mr. Stefansson’s crime. Why was he in prison in the first place?

HG: Well, it was because of a burglary. It was a break in you know. It was computers you know. Actually, it's one of the major crimes in Iceland in recent years in the sense of you know that they were able to get away with like 600 computers you know, especially kind of equipped to deal with a bitcoin. So this is very specialized, you know? We're not talking about regular computers, you know? So we think here in Iceland that this must be kind of like an international criminal network. This is maybe an inside job, you know? Because they knew what they were doing you know. And, of course, you're not going to be able to sell an item or a computer like that in Iceland. So this is something that's probably maybe already out of the country, you know? These are specially equipped computes you know worth millions of dollars you know. So this is quite a big crime. I mean the magnitude of this crime is something very unusual for Iceland, you know?

SB: Right, I understand that Iceland has a pretty low crime rate. But on your very point that the magnitude of this crime was big by Icelandic standards, why then put a man in prison where he could just walk out?

HG: Well yeah, that is what has surprised many of us, you know? But it seems that he was in custody at the very kind of solitary confinement for maybe six weeks or something like that, which is really kind of difficult for anyone to be in a solitary confinement like that you know. And probably they believed that after this period of time you know I guess by talking to him in evaluating him. And then they trust him to be in an institute like that you know in the countryside. You see this open prison Institute is a very nice area — a nice place in Iceland you know. So there's probably some trust going on between this offender or possible offender for this crime you know and the authorities, you know?

SB: How long do you think it will take before Mr. Stefansson is caught? Or will he be caught?

HG: Well, of course, we can't really tell. But you know from previous history of people running away or escaping from prison you know, they are usually caught within a day or two, or a few days, or something like that. But now, this guy he's abroad, you know? So I would expect that he'll be caught in a matter of days or weeks you know definitely you know because they will track him down, you know? I'm pretty sure about that. I mean you're not going to be able to disappear like that for a long time you know.

SB: Do you think they'll put him in a more secure prison next time?

HG: Well, I guess with the custody thing you know I don't think that we’re going to see people in custody you know in an open institute like that one. I really doubt that's going to happen. And actually, it is unusual in the past too you know. This is not a regular procedure of us to have somebody in custody in an open institute. So this is a special case you know, but I'm pretty sure it's not going to happen again in the near future, you know?

SB: Well, Professor Gunnlaugsson, thanks for telling us about it.

HG: Okay, well thank you very much.

SB: OK. Bye bye.

HG: OK, bye.

JD: Professor Helgi Gunnlaugsson studies criminology at the University of Iceland. He was talking to us about a notorious Icelandic criminal who escaped custody and jumped on a plane to Sweden.

[Music: Slow jazz]

Bruce Mackinnon

JD: In the centre, there's a hockey player wearing a green jersey. It says "Sask" on the back. Two people in red jerseys are holding that player up. Several others in red jerseys are surrounding them. All of them have different Canadian provinces written on their backs. The cartoon is by Bruce MacKinnon — the editorial cartoonist at the Chronicle Herald newspaper in Nova Scotia. He said the piece shows, quote, "the outpouring of support from the country", after the Humboldt Broncos tragedy. After the cartoon was published last week, Mr. MacKinnon received an email from a woman in Regina. She informed him that T-shirts with his cartoon on them were being sold on a website. Bruce MacKinnon told the CBC's Bob Murphy how he reacted.

SOUNDCLIP

BRUCE MCKINNON: Right away, I mean I was pretty upset about that. I sent an email off to my editors, and well Ian Scott who's in management actually did chase down the website, and you know addressed it in legal terms and that kind of thing. Although everybody was quite nonresponsive, no one is writing back to this lady from Regina, even though she lodged a complaint. Basically, everybody was being ignored until the Herald you know threw essentially a bit of a legal threat, and then they were responded to, and the T-shirts have since been taken off the site.

BOB MURPHY: So what more can you tell us about the website, and how much they were selling the shirts for?

BMC: Well, there are a variety of prices actually. On Sunday night, my wife you know once we got the email, she went to the site to see what was going on. And there were all kinds of different styles of T-shirts with the cartoon on it with these different people modelling them and that kind of thing. I think it's sort of a cookie-cutter type thing. You know someone can go to the site and upload artworks if they want to sell on the T-shirt, and basically, sell it from there kind of thing. And I think it's all like I say, ready-made. And the sites as I understand it are centred out of Australia and the U.S. www.redbubble com. And they've had trouble in this regard before. They were sued by the makers of Pokémon for selling all kinds of Pokémon shirts and that kind of stuff without permission. You know so I think people just sort of you know they see this outpouring of support for the victims of this tragedy, and they know people are opening up their hearts but also their wallets, and they just see an opportunity to grab some free cash. So it's kind of a double whammy. It's bad enough I see copyright infringement all the time on the Internet, whether it's my cartoons, or whether it's music, or journalism, writing, whatever it happens to be — intellectual property. But you know to steal someone's art and at the same time you know basically capitalize on the misery of other human beings is just it's unconscionable.

JD: Chronicle Herald cartoonist Bruce MacKinnon was speaking with the CBC's Bob Murphy yesterday on the program “Mainstreet”. And there are still Humboldt-related T-shirts on the website www.redbubble.co. In a tweet yesterday the company wrote, quote: "In line with Redbubble policy, we will be donating all company profits from work related to the tragic Humboldt Broncos accident to charity."

Part three: Detained American, enzymes plastic

Detained American

Guest: Jonathan Hafetz

JD: Tomorrow, James Mattis and John Doe are going to square off in a Washington D.C. court. Mr. Mattis won't be there though. The US Secretary of Defence has other things to do. And Mr. Doe won't be there either. The anonymous US citizen has spent the last 7 months locked up somewhere in Iraq. The court documents are subject to several layers of secrecy. But, reading between the redactions, the Defence Department is accusing John Doe of being part of ISIS. Now, the Trump Administration has told the court that it wants to hand John Doe over to a third country. That's what Jonathan Hafetz is going to be trying to stop tomorrow in that Washington, D.C. courtroom. Mr. Hafetz is the American Civil Liberties Union laywer who has taken up John Doe's case. We reached him in Brooklyn.

SB: Mr. Hafetz, how important could tomorrow's hearing be for your client?

JONATHAN HAFETZ: Tomorrow's hearing is critical for our client. And it's critical for the rights of all American citizens. The Trump administration is claiming the unprecedented power to dispose of the liberty of an American citizen by rendering him forcibly to the custody of another government without any legal authority for the transfer. So it's essentially reducing basic rights of American citizens to liberty, to habeas corpus, to executive say so.

SB: Now, I know there's a lot you are prevented from telling us about your client, beginning with his name. What can you tell us about where he is and how he's doing?

JH: Well, all I can say he's being held somewhere in Iraq. He's been held now for approximately seven months without charge. And he has not yet been given the basic rights of American citizens not to be detained unlawfully and without a trial. It's a very difficult situation for anyone to be in this type of indefinite detention. But he is vigorous that he has done nothing wrong, and he wants his day in court. And he wants to seek his release. I mean he feels very firmly that if he's done something wrong the government should charge him with the crime. Otherwise, it should set him free. But it should not continue to detain him like this. Nor should it just render him in the dead of night to another government without any basis.

SB: What can you tell us about reports that he is a dual U.S.-Saudi citizen, and that the military, in fact, wants to send him to Saudi Arabia?

JH: He's a dual U.S.-Saudi citizen. The country has not been disclosed, so I cannot comment on where the United States is seeking to send him. But in a sense, the critical question is whether they have legal authority to transfer him. You know the executive branch simply does not have the discretion to hand over an American citizen to another country without a legal authority to do so. And it also can't rely on its claim that he is an enemy combatant because he hasn't had an opportunity to challenge that. They need to first establish that he's an enemy combatant before they rely on that untested, unexamined legal argument or claim as a basis for rendering him to another government.

SB: Well, the Defense Department says it has the power to detain your client under the powers extended by Congress to fight the war on terror after the 9/11 attacks. And they claim that he is an ISIS combatant. How do you challenge that?

JH: Well, he's denied those allegations that we have said they're replete with inaccuracy and are misleading in fundamental respects. But we've also argued there's an even more basic problem, which is that the United States has stretched and distorted beyond recognition. The war powers that Congress had given them. And this is a critical question. The government is seeking to essentially bypass the system that the framers set up, which is that the war powers are shared between Congress and the executive. And they are seeking to basically allow the executive to rewrite statutes authorizing the use of military force against groups that Congress never contemplated. And even more importantly here, they're using that authority to get to indefinitely detain an American citizen.

SB: The Obama administration used drones to kill U.S. citizens that it accused of terrorism. There were no lawyers involved, there were no trials, there was no public outcry. So how much public support can you expect on this?

JH: This is not a partisan issue. This is an issue that goes to the basic system that our framers established that if the executive is going to use military force, and in particular, if it's going to detain an American citizen without charge, it needs to be clearly an expressly authorized by Congress. This is an awesome power one that would subvert the Constitution. The executive could simply detain people as enemy combatants based on the president's unilateral determination that they are part of some enemy force that Congress has not has not declared or authorized military action against. It's a sweeping and dramatic claim of executive power. And it's critical that this claim is subjected to judicial review and is closely examined by the courts.

SB: But do you not think that the United States is in fact at war with ISIS?

JH: The key question here is what has Congress authorized? And Congress has simply not authorized the indefinite lockup of an American citizen for allegedly belonging to a group that did not even exist at the time of the 9/11 attacks. And that's openly in conflict with al-Qaida, which is the target of that 2001 force authorization.

SB: What do you think should happen to your client?

JH: Our client should simply be charged with a crime if the government wishes to detain him, or he should be released in a safe place. He should not be held in indefinite detention in legal limbo now going on seven months. I mean this is an American citizen whose rights are at stake here. And the government should not be permitted to treat a citizen that way. And should the administration want to detain him indefinitely, then it needs to go to Congress. And Congress needs to authorize this. Otherwise, the separation of powers — the system that's been in existence for over 230 years under our Constitution — literally means nothing. It's not worth the paper it's printed on if the executive can simply lock up people without any kind of legal authority or transfer them in the dead of night without any kind of basis in law and without judicial review.

SB: Mr. Hafetz, thank you for your time today.

JH: Thank you.

SB: Bye bye.

JD: Jonathan Hafetz is the ACLU lawyer for a man known only as John Doe. We reached Mr. Heifetz in Brooklyn.

[Music: Horns]

Blood donor

JD: Speaking to a BC newspaper, Beatrice Janyk said, "If I can help anyone, that's my aim in life." And the 95-year-old has been pursuing that aim for decades: for more than half a century, she has been donating blood. And today, she was at a Vancouver blood clinic once again. But her usual donation came with an unusual honour. Ms. Janyk was recognized by Canadian Blood Services with a certificate. The organization calls her the country's "oldest blood donor." And said, in a press release, that she had, quote, "set an inspiring example for the next generation of donors." Unquote. Ms. Janyk spoke with the CBC's Jake Costello ahead of the event. Here's part of that conversation.

SOUNDCLIP

BEATRICE JANYK: My husband — at Honeymoon Bay where we used to live — nearly died. Saw mill accident and he had to get blood. Somebody had had yellow jaundice, gave blood. My husband got, he nearly died from the jaundice. He started getting very weak and yellow — everything was yellow. He could hardly move. He nearly died from the blood. So I was always aware. I think that's when I started being aware to help. And I gave in Bellingham I used to live in Bellingham with my son and family still there.

JAKE COSTELLO: How much blood have you donated?

BJ: I don't remember that. That's every 56 days we can give. And I got a nice pen from Bellingham — 20 gallons. The Pen’s right there. That's a lot of blood! The oldest in the world still giving and take seven vitamins each night. And I think that's what really keeps me going. I got a good brain, a little crazy, but that's okay.

JC: A lot of people when they donate blood, you have to recover after…

BJ: Not a thing! And I go with my left arm cause I use my right arm and hand all the time to make my rosaries, so they take blood on the left arm. Twenty minutes and I'm up and getting a cup of coffee.

JC: What does it mean to you to be Canada’s oldest donating…

BJ: In the world. I can't believe it. That is so unbelievable. I'm so grateful. I can give. Attitude and gratitude to me is what it's all about. Don't forget.

JD: Attitude and gratitude. That was 95-year-old blood donor Beatrice Janyk speaking with the CBC’s Jake Costello in British Columbia.

[Music: Electronic]

Enzymes plastic

Guest: Gregg Beckham

JD: There are a lot of problems with plastic. The two big ones: there's too much of it — and we can't eat it. Some of us have learned that the hard way. But in 2016, scientists made a tiny, huge discovery outside a bottle recycling plant in Japan: the first bacterium that had naturally evolved to eat plastic. Since then, an international team of scientists has tweaked the enzyme to see how it had evolved. And it turns out that, in doing that, they inadvertently made the molecule even better at breaking down the plastic used in bottles. Gregg Beckham is a senior engineer at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, and the co-author of a recent study on the bacteria. We reached him in Golden, Colorado.

SB: Mr. Beckham, congratulations on accidentally making this mutant enzyme. Can you give us a brief explanation of how it happened?

GREGG BECKHAM: Yes, absolutely. So there was a group in Japan in 2016 that isolated a bacterium, and they discovered quite excitingly that there is a particular enzyme that's able to be secreted from the bacteria in the soil it goes out and it attacks solid PET particles like you would find again in a water bottle. Now we have a picture of the enzyme at the molecular level. So if you break a piece of dry grass, it feels a bit waxy on the outside that waxy feeling is, of course, a natural plant polyester just like PET is now a synthetic polyester. And the enzyme that we discovered looks like an enzyme that should break this. So we thought let's go and break it. Let's go and take it backwards in evolutionary time and make small modifications to make it more like what this enzyme would look like. And when we did that, to our surprise, it actually was a better enzyme. And it basically points out that you know there's room to grow in terms of the enzymes performance — we can make the enzyme better. And so that's exciting.

SB: How long would it take for this enzyme to break down or to digest the so-called PET plastic bottle?

GB: In the lab, we can get this to go on the order of weeks to months — most likely weeks if we sort of optimize it and keep it in a very pristine conditions like it would be in the lab.

SB: That's for one bottle?

GB: Yeah, well that's four pieces of PET. Certainly, you can think of it like doing laundry, right? Depending on how much detergent you put in there, which actually on a side note is enzymes, that will dictate how clean your clothes get.

SB: How about in the ocean?

GB: That's a very different scenario, right? In the ocean you know still PET bottles, even though bacteria and other microbes are likely evolving to use that new food source that's there, they live in a much more complex environment than what we have in a test tube or a beaker in the lab, right? They have lots of competition, there's lots of other microbe our specialists for other kinds of substrates that can outcompete them and other food sources that can now compete them. So you know we're still looking at the hundreds of years’ timescale for water bottles to break down once they get into the ocean.

SB: Can the enzyme break down any other type of plastic?

GB: Absolutely, and that's something that we've been looking into. So there's a new polymer. It's not on the market yet, but it's called PEF instead of PET. People are really excited about this because, as we all know, right now we buy PET bottles, and they primarily contain either water or soft drinks — carbonated beverages. But you can't buy beer in a plastic bottle today. And the reason is the barrier properties so oxygen can basically get into beer if you put it in a plastic bottle. And, of course, oxygen and beer makes beer skunky, and no one likes that. But there's a new polyester — PEF — which is coming out soon hopefully where the barrier properties for action are so much better than PET, so now beer companies can start putting beer in plastic bottles made of this polyester PEF. It's bio-based, but at the same time, it's not biodegradable. And we tested the enzyme against PEF, and it is really dramatic. The images are quite beautiful. It's literally drilling holes into this second manmade polyester.

SB: So after the enzyme breaks down the plastic, what's left behind? What happens then?

GB: Right. So the building blocks of PET are primarily two molecules: ethylene glycol, which is used in antifreeze and plane the icing fluid for example, and terephthalic acid. Both of which are petroleum-derived building blocks. And if this were happening and when this happens in the soil or in marine environments, those molecules — although they're a bit toxic — they can typically be consumed very rapidly by microbes. In terms of an industrial context, once this plastic is broken down those building blocks, those building blocks can then be recycled and made into essentially a virgin PET bottle or plastic bottle like you would find on the shelves for water or soda.

SB: So it's recycling?

GB: Absolutely. The vision here is we can use this enzyme to enable a more circular economy. Because right now when we recycle PET bottles like water bottles or soda bottles, those typically are made back into bottles. They go into lower-value materials like carpet, which eventually will end up in the landfill or even worse: as pollution. And so what this will ultimately potentially enable is the ability to go from a bottle, back to a bottle, back to a bottle, back to a bottle, and so on and so forth — to enable a more circular flow of carbon in our economy.

SB: But PET is very inexpensive to produce, and there's such a demand for these plastic bottles. The estimate is about a million plastic bottles are sold each minute around the planet. Is there any real incentive for manufacturers to recycle?

GB: That's a great question, and it’s quite a complicated answer. But I think in short, there have been a lot of studies that have shown that the energy input which can be directly related to economic input for recycling can be you know something between 40 to 90 per cent of energy savings when we go from bottle to bottle recycling vs. bottled to the landfill, or bottled to carpet, or things like this. So there's an energy savings and that can be translated into economics. Ultimately we need to get to a place as a planet where there are economic incentives to recycle.

SB: In the future, do you think we'll see a range of these bacterial enzymes that will be able to break down all forms of plastic.

GB: That's a very good question, and the really exciting question is well, you know peaty is one type of plastic and polyethylene, which is our milk cartons and things like this, and polypropylene, which is you know another plastic that you find everywhere and we touch interact with every day, you know the chemistry of those are so different that you're going to need completely different enzymes, or microbes, or catalysts, or processes to break them down. But ultimately to enable a fully circular plastics economy, we're going to have to design ways to break those down and put them back into circulation.

SB: Am I right in saying that the science is there, but the next steps are still missing?

GB: I think the science is getting there, and there's a lot of exciting science that's coming out for many groups around the world to get us technology solutions. And then it's going to take industry and government working together to take that further in terms of putting the policies and the economic incentives in place to make this a reality.

SB: Mr. Beckham, thanks so much.

GB: Thank you, Susan. Thank you for the opportunity. And thank you for having me.

JD: Gregg Beckham is a senior engineer at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, and the co-author of a new study about plastic-eating bacteria. We reached Mr. Beckham in Golden, Colorado.

[Music: Guitar]

Prince George woodpeckers

JD: The vandals did damage at a construction site in Prince George, British Columbia. And all superintendent Frank Stejskal had to do to find the culprits was to look up. Or close his eyes and listen. Recently, the construction crew working on a new Marriott hotel discovered a couple of woodpeckers had punched holes in the building. When Mr. Stejskal spoke with the CBC's Audrey McKinnon last week, he estimated the damages would cost thousands of dollars to repair. Here's a part of that conversation.

SOUNDCLIP

FRANK STEJSKAL: Well, I just looked up and I see there’s the woodpecker picture on my stucco.

REPORTER: What's going through your mind when you see all that hard work being pecked at by a woodpecker?

FS: You really don't want to know.

REPORTER: That bad, eh?

FS: We have no idea what we're going to be doing. This is like 80 feet up in the air, right? Like on the very top of the building, give or take 80 feet high. I don't know what we're going to do because we're going to need a huge lift, and a 3,500 to 4,000 a week plus all the labour, you know if they pecking on the same spots. But if they keep going like this morning, they moved about 70 feet away from the holes and they started doing their new holes.

REPORTER: And so you've spoken with Fish and Wildlife, yes?

FS: Yes, I did.

REPORTER: What did they tell you?

FS: Well, not very much. They said you know try to go on the website and see what we can do find out. And we've been on the website, and my wife even she even called the exterminators. And they’re telling her the same thing: there is not much you can do.

JD: That was Frank Stejskal speaking with the CBC last week about the woodpeckers at his construction site. This afternoon, a CBC reporter returned to the site. The holes are still there. But the woodpeckers haven't been seen in a few days.

[Music: Ambient]

Hooters lawsuit

JD: First, he thought, "Oh." And then it hit him — and he thought, "OH!" Back in September, Hurricane Irma tore through Tampa Bay, Florida like a giant drunken college student on spring break, made of wind. The damage wasn't as bad as it was elsewhere, but there was damage. For example, after one of the letters fell off its sign, a local restaurant had its name changed to "Hoters". According to a guy named John Bradley Kane, the fallen "O" didn't hurt business. It hurt him. After the storm, he charged into the restaurant, and said the "O" that had blown off the sign and fallen on his foot. He demanded compensation for his "O"-related injury, in the form of a free meal and drinks. The restaurant refused. And two months later, a letter arrived from an insurance company. Mr. Kane had filed a lawsuit against the Hooters: he wanted 175,000 dollars in restitution. He continued to say that "O" had hurt his foot. But soon enough, there was counter-evidence to disavow his vowel avowal. Surveillance video showed the "O" had fallen off the sign and hit...the ground. Three hours later, the video showed someone picking it up and moving it. Then, fifteen minutes after that, that same someone returned and carried it away. Was that someone John Bradley Kane? The article isn't clear. But obviously, at some point, Mr. Kane got hold of the "O" and thought, "Oh yeah!" Now he's muttering "Oh no." — because he's facing a charge of insurance fraud. Clearly, his claims of an unlawful letter didn't follow the letter of the law. And, frankly, I'm awestruck that he tried to pull off being "O"-struck.

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April 18, 2018 episode transcript

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